# Cloud: reference/sql

> Index of Cloud reference/sql documentation pages. Each link points to the page's markdown version.
> For the full documentation index, see https://docs.redpanda.com/llms.txt

## Pages

- [Comment Support](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/comment-support.md): Redpanda SQL fully supports comments in your queries.
- [Information Schema](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/information-schema.md): Information schema views in Redpanda SQL expose database object metadata and grants through SQL-standard views.
- [SQL Schemas](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/schema.md): SQL schemas are namespaces in Redpanda SQL. Use them to organize user-defined types and to navigate the PostgreSQL-compatible system catalogs.
- [SQL Clauses](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses.md): SQL clauses define how data is retrieved, filtered, and manipulated.
- [FROM](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/from.md): Reference for the FROM clause and JOIN variants in Redpanda SQL.
- [FROM](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/from/from.md): The FROM clause specifies the tables that a query reads data from.
- [JOIN](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/from/join.md): The JOIN clause combines records from two tables based on common fields.
- [LEFT JOIN](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/from/left-join.md): The LEFT JOIN returns all matching records from the left table combined with the right table.
- [OUTER JOIN](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/from/outer-join.md): The OUTER JOIN returns all the records from the selected fields between two tables, whether the join condition is met or not.
- [RIGHT JOIN](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/from/right-join.md): The RIGHT JOIN returns all matching records from the right table combined with the left table.
- [GROUP BY](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/group-by.md): The GROUP BY clause returns a group of records from one or more tables that have the same values in specified columns.
- [HAVING](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/having.md): The HAVING clause specifies a search condition using an aggregate function.
- [LIMIT](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/limit.md): The LIMIT clause restricts the number of records returned by a SELECT statement.
- [OFFSET](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/offset.md): The OFFSET clause skips a specified number of records from the result set.
- [ORDER BY](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/order-by.md): The ORDER BY clause sorts the rows returned by a SELECT statement.
- [OVER and WINDOW](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/over-window.md): Window functions use the OVER and WINDOW clauses to define the set of rows over which the function operates.
- [Set Operations](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/set-operations.md): Set operations combine, compare, or contrast result sets from multiple SELECT statements.
- [EXCEPT](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/set-operations/except.md): The EXCEPT combines the result sets of two or more tables and retrieves rows specific to the first SELECT statement but not present in the subsequent ones.
- [INTERSECT](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/set-operations/intersect.md): The INTERSECT combines the result sets of two or more SELECT statements, retrieving only the common rows between them.
- [UNION](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/set-operations/union.md): The UNION combines the result sets of two or more SELECT statements, removing duplicate rows between the tables.
- [WHERE](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/where.md): The WHERE clause filters records based on specified conditions, returning only the rows that meet the conditions.
- [WITH](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-clauses/with.md): The WITH clause defines auxiliary statements (Common Table Expressions) for use within a larger query.
- [SQL Data Types](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types.md): Redpanda SQL supports a wide range of data types, each designed to handle specific types of data efficiently.
- [array](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/array.md): In Redpanda SQL, an array stores a collection of elements that have the same data type (any built-in data type can be used).
- [bool](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/bool.md): `bool` is a data type for expressions that return one of two possible values: true or false.
- [bytea](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/bytea.md): The bytea data type stores arbitrary binary data such as raw key and value bytes from Redpanda topics or binary columns from Iceberg tables.
- [date](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/date.md): The `date` data type stores calendar dates without a time zone in Redpanda SQL.
- [geography](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/geography.md): The `geography` data type stores geodetic (spherical) spatial point values using the WGS84 coordinate system (SRID 4326).
- [geometry](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/geometry.md): The `geometry` data type stores planar (Cartesian) spatial point values as two double-precision coordinates.
- [interval](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/interval.md): The Interval data type represents periods between dates or times, which can be precisely calculated and expressed through various units.
- [json](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/json.md): The `json` data type stores values in `json`, an open standard format for key-value data.
- [map](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/map.md): The `map` data type stores a collection of key-value pairs with a uniform key type and a uniform value type.
- [Numeric Data Type Aliases](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/numeric-type/numeric-data-type-aliases.md): Aliases for the primary numeric data types in Redpanda SQL, mapped to their primary types during processing.
- [Numeric Types](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/numeric-type/numeric.md): Reference for numeric data types in Redpanda SQL.
- [row](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/row.md): The `row` data type represents a composite value containing one or more fields of different types.
- [text](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/text.md): The text data type is a UTF8-encoded text with Unicode support, which stores a sequence of characters (text).
- [Time Operators](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/time-type/time-operators.md): Time operators in Redpanda SQL perform various operations on dates, times, and intervals.
- [time](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/time-type/time.md): The `time` data type in Redpanda SQL stores time values without any date information.
- [timestamp with time zone](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/timestamp-with-time-zone.md): Redpanda SQL provides you with two data types for handling timestamps:
- [timestamp without time zone](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/timestamp-without-time-zone.md): The timestamp data type stores time and date values without a time zone.
- [uuid](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-data-types/uuid.md): The uuid data type is a 128-bit universally unique identifier (UUID).
- [SQL Functions](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions.md): Redpanda SQL supports the following function types for querying and transforming data.
- [Operators](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-operators.md): Operators in Redpanda SQL are special symbols used in expressions to compare, combine, or manipulate values.
- [Bitwise Shift Left](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-operators/bitwise-shift-left.md): Bitwise shift operators in Redpanda SQL manipulate the bits of integer value by shifting them left or right.
- [Bitwise Shift Right](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-operators/bitwise-shift-right.md): Bitwise shift operators in Redpanda SQL manipulate the bits of integer value by shifting them left or right.
- [SQL Statements](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements.md): SQL statements are the commands used to interact with Redpanda SQL.
- [ALTER ICEBERG CATALOG](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/alter-iceberg-catalog.md): The ALTER ICEBERG CATALOG statement modifies connection properties of an existing Iceberg catalog.
- [ALTER REDPANDA CATALOG](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/alter-redpanda-catalog.md): The ALTER REDPANDA CATALOG statement modifies connection properties of an existing Redpanda catalog, including the link to an Iceberg catalog.
- [ALTER STORAGE](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/alter-storage.md): The ALTER STORAGE statement modifies credentials or configuration of an existing storage connection.
- [ALTER TABLE](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/alter-table.md): The ALTER TABLE statement modifies options of a catalog table mapped to a Redpanda topic.
- [ALTER USER](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/alter-user.md): The ALTER USER statement changes the password or superuser status of an existing user.
- [COPY TO](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/copy-to.md): The COPY TO statement exports tables, specific columns, or query results to CSV files or to a client.
- [CREATE ICEBERG CATALOG](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/create-iceberg-catalog.md): The CREATE ICEBERG CATALOG statement creates a named connection to an Iceberg REST catalog, enabling Redpanda SQL to query Iceberg-committed topic data.
- [CREATE REDPANDA CATALOG](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/create-redpanda-catalog.md): The CREATE REDPANDA CATALOG statement creates a named connection to a Redpanda cluster, enabling you to map topics as SQL tables.
- [CREATE STORAGE](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/create-storage.md): The CREATE STORAGE statement creates a connection to external object storage for use with Redpanda catalogs.
- [CREATE TABLE](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/create-table.md): The CREATE TABLE statement maps a Redpanda topic to a SQL table through a catalog, making the topic queryable with SQL.
- [CREATE USER](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/create-user.md): The CREATE USER statement creates a new user in Redpanda SQL with a required password. Only a superuser can create users.
- [DESCRIBE](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/describe.md): The DESCRIBE statement displays columns of a table, lists tables in a database, or shows the configuration of a storage connection.
- [DROP ICEBERG CATALOG](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/drop-iceberg-catalog.md): The DROP ICEBERG CATALOG statement removes an Iceberg catalog connection.
- [DROP REDPANDA CATALOG](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/drop-redpanda-catalog.md): The DROP REDPANDA CATALOG statement removes a Redpanda catalog connection.
- [DROP STORAGE](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/drop-storage.md): The DROP STORAGE statement removes a named storage definition.
- [DROP TABLE](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/drop-table.md): The DROP TABLE statement removes a table that was mapped to a Redpanda topic through a catalog.
- [DROP USER](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/drop-user.md): The DROP USER statement removes an existing user. The user cannot own objects or hold grants when dropped.
- [GRANT](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/grant.md): The GRANT statement assigns privileges on a database object to a role. Only a superuser can grant privileges.
- [Keywords](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/keywords.md): In Redpanda SQL, reserved and non-reserved keywords play an important role in SQL syntax and usage.
- [REVOKE](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/revoke.md): The REVOKE statement removes privileges that were previously granted to a role. Only a superuser can revoke privileges.
- [SELECT](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/select.md): The SELECT statement retrieves data from one or more tables.
- [SET and SHOW](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/set-show.md): The SET statement configures session options. The SHOW statement displays their current values.
- [SHOW CATALOGS](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/show-catalogs.md): The SHOW CATALOGS statement lists catalogs in the cluster. Variants list only Redpanda catalogs or only Iceberg catalogs.
- [SHOW EXECS](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/show-execs.md): The SHOW EXECS statement displays currently running execution tasks across the cluster.
- [SHOW NODES](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/show-nodes.md): The SHOW NODES statement returns the current state of the cluster and is only available to the superuser.
- [SHOW QUERIES](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/show-queries.md): The SHOW QUERIES statement displays currently running queries on the cluster.
- [SHOW TABLES](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/show-tables.md): The SHOW TABLES statement retrieves information about existing tables, including tables mapped from Redpanda topics and Iceberg tables registered in the local catalog.
- [System catalogs](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs.md): System catalogs in Redpanda SQL store metadata about the database and its objects, including tables, columns, indexes, and schemas.
- [pg_attrdef](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_attrdef.md): The pg_attrdef stores information about column default values.
- [pg_attribute](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_attribute.md): The pg_attribute stores information about table columns.
- [pg_authid](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_authid.md): The pg_authid system catalog stores information about database authorization identifiers (roles).
- [pg_class](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_class.md): The pg_class stores information about tables and indexes in the database.
- [pg_constraint](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_constraint.md): The pg_constraint stores information about table constraints.
- [pg_database](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_database.md): The pg_database system catalog stores information about the databases available in the cluster.
- [pg_depend](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_depend.md): The pg_depend tracks relationships between database objects, such as tables, columns, constraints, and indexes.
- [pg_description](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_description.md): The pg_description stores descriptions (comments) for each database object.
- [pg_index](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_index.md): The pg_index stores information about indexes on tables.
- [pg_language](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_language.md): The pg_language system catalog stores information about the procedural languages available in the database.
- [pg_namespace](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_namespace.md): The pg_namespace contains information about schema definitions.
- [pg_proc](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_proc.md): The pg_proc system catalog stores information about functions and procedures.
- [pg_roles](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_roles.md): The pg_roles system catalog provides a publicly readable view of database roles.
- [pg_settings](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_settings.md): The pg_settings displays the configuration settings for the current session.
- [pg_shadow](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_shadow.md): The pg_shadow system catalog provides a superuser-only view of database users with unmasked passwords.
- [pg_statio_user_tables](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_statio_user_tables.md): The pg_statio_user_tables contains one row for each user table in the current database, showing statistics columns filled with zeros.
- [pg_type](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_type.md): The pg_type table stores information about built-in data types.
- [pg_user](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-catalogs/catalogs/pg_user.md): The pg_user system catalog provides a publicly readable view of database users.
- [System Virtual Tables](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/system-virtual-tables.md): System virtual tables in Redpanda SQL expose cluster runtime information and external-source metadata, providing SQL-queryable alternatives to SHOW statements.
- [Transactions](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/transactions.md): Redpanda SQL accepts transaction syntax for compatibility with tools that require it, but queries execute immediately with no transactional guarantees.