# Cloud: reference/sql/sql-functions

> Index of Cloud reference/sql/sql-functions documentation pages. Each link points to the page's markdown version.
> For the full documentation index, see https://docs.redpanda.com/llms.txt

## Pages

- [Overview](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions.md): Aggregate functions compute a single result from a set of input values.
- [avg](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/avg.md): The `avg()` function calculates the average value of records.
- [bool_and](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/bool-and.md): The `bool_and()` function calculates all the boolean values in the aggregated group, which will have these results:
- [bool_or](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/bool-or.md): The `bool_or()` function calculates all the boolean values in the aggregated group, which will have these results:
- [count](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/count.md): The `count()` function retrieves the number of records that match a specific condition.
- [DISTINCT](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/distinct.md): When using aggregation functions, they can contain the DISTINCT keyword.
- [for_max](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/for-max.md): The `for_max()` function searches for a maximum in a specific column and returns a value related to that maximum from another column.
- [for_min](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/for-min.md): The `for_min()` function searches for a minimum in a specific column and returns a value related to that minimum from another column.
- [max](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/max.md): `max()` is a function that returns the maximum value from a set of records.
- [min](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/min.md): `min()` is a function that returns the minimum value from a set of records.
- [Ordered-Set Aggregate Functions](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/ordered-set-aggregate-functions.md): Reference for ordered-set aggregate functions in Redpanda SQL.
- [mode](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/ordered-set-aggregate-functions/mode.md): `mode()` is an ordered-set aggregate function that returns the most frequently occurring value (the mode) from a set of values.
- [percentile_cont](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/ordered-set-aggregate-functions/percentile-cont.md): `percentile_cont()` is an ordered-set aggregate function used to compute continuous percentiles from a set of values.
- [percentile_disc](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/ordered-set-aggregate-functions/percentile-disc.md): `percentile_disc()` is an ordered-set aggregate function used to compute discrete percentiles from a set of values.
- [Overview](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics.md): Aggregate functions for statistics are typically used for statistical analysis.
- [corr](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/corr.md): The `corr()` aggregate function calculates the Pearson correlation coefficient between two sets of number pairs.
- [covar_pop](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/covar-pop.md): The `covar_pop()` aggregate function calculates the population covariance between two sets of number pairs.
- [covar_samp](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/covar-samp.md): The `covar_samp()` aggregate function calculates the sample covariance between two sets of number pairs.
- [regr_avgx](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/regr-avgx.md): The `regr_avgx()` aggregate function calculates the average of the independent variable (x) for non-null pairs of dependent (y) and independent (x) variables.
- [regr_avgy](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/regr-avgy.md): The `regr_avgy()` aggregate function calculates the mean of the dependent variable (y) for non-null pairs of dependent (y) and independent (x) variables
- [regr_count](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/regr-count.md): The `regr_count()` aggregate function calculates the number of non-null value pairs for a dependent variable (y) and an independent variable (x).
- [regr_intercept](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/regr-intercept.md): The `regr_intercept()` aggregate function calculates the y-intercept of the univariate linear regression line for a group of data points, where the dependent variable is (y) and the independent...
- [regr_r2](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/regr-r2.md): The `regr_r2()` aggregate function calculates the coefficient of determination (R2) for a linear regression model.
- [regr_slope](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/regr-slope.md): The `regr_slope()` aggregate function calculates the slope of the regression line for a linear relationship between a dependent variable (y) and an independent variable (x).
- [regr_sxx](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/regr-sxx.md): The `regr_sxx()` aggregate function calculates the sum of squares of deviations for the independent variable (x) in a linear regression analysis.
- [regr_sxy](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/regr-sxy.md): The `regr_sxy()` aggregate function calculates the sum of products of deviations for the dependent variable (y) and the independent variable (x) in a linear regression analysis.
- [regr_syy](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/regr-syy.md): The `regr_syy()` aggregate function calculates the sum of squares of deviations for the dependent variable (y) in a linear regression analysis.
- [stddev_pop](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/stddev-pop.md): The `stddev_pop()` aggregate function calculates the population standard deviation of a set of numeric values.
- [stddev_samp](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/stddev-samp.md): The `stddev_samp()` aggregate function calculates the sample standard deviation of a set of numeric values.
- [stddev](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/stddev.md): The `stddev()` aggregate function calculates the sample standard deviation of a set of numeric values.
- [var_pop](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/var-pop.md): The `var_pop()` aggregate function calculates the population variance of a set of numeric values.
- [var_samp](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/var-samp.md): The `var_samp()` aggregate function calculates the sample variance of a set of numeric values.
- [variance](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/statistics/variance.md): The `variance()` aggregate function calculates the sample variance of a set of numeric values.
- [sum](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/aggregate-functions/sum.md): `sum()` calculates the sum of values from stored records.
- [Boolean Functions](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/boolean-functions.md): Reference for boolean functions and operators in Redpanda SQL.
- [if](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/boolean-functions/if-function.md): The `if()` function returns one value if the condition is TRUE and another value if the condition is FALSE.
- [IS DISTINCT FROM](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/boolean-functions/is-distinct-from-operator.md): The IS DISTINCT FROM operator compares two values and returns TRUE if they are different. NULLs are treated as comparable, so two NULLs are not distinct (returns FALSE).
- [IS NOT DISTINCT FROM](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/boolean-functions/is-not-distinct-from-operator.md): The IS NOT DISTINCT FROM operator is a counterpart to IS DISTINCT FROM.
- [Overview](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/json-functions.md): Redpanda SQL provides functions to query and manipulate JSON data.
- [json_array_extract](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/json-functions/json-array-extract.md): The `json_array_extract()` function returns the JSON array as a set of JSON values.
- [json_array_length](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/json-functions/json-array-length.md): The `json_array_length()` function returns the length of a specified JSON array.
- [json_extract_path_text](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/json-functions/json-extract-path-text.md): The `json_extract_path_text()` function extracts JSON nested value from a specified JSON value according to the defined path.
- [json_extract_path](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/json-functions/json-extract-path.md): `json_extract_path()` function extracts JSON nested value from a specified path.
- [Overview](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions.md): Mathematical, trigonometric, and hyperbolic functions in Redpanda SQL are designed to perform mathematical calculations and manipulate numeric values.
- [abs](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/abs.md): The `abs()` function returns an absolute number (for example, the positive value of a number).
- [acos](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/acos.md): The `acos()` function returns the inverse cosine (arccosine) of a specified argument, expressed in radians.
- [acosd](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/acosd.md): The `acosd()` function returns the inverse cosine (arccosine) of a specified argument, expressed in degrees.
- [asin](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/asin.md): The `asin()` function returns the inverse sine (arcsine) of a specified argument, expressed in radians.
- [asind](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/asind.md): The `asind()` function returns the inverse sine (arcsine) of a specified argument, expressed in degrees.
- [atan](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/atan.md): The `atan()` function returns the inverse tangent (arctangent) of a specified argument, expressed in radians.
- [atan2](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/atan2.md): The `atan2()` function returns the inverse tangent (arctangent) of y divided by x, expressed in radians.
- [atan2d](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/atan2d.md): The `atan2d()` function returns the inverse tangent (arctangent) of y divided by x, expressed in degrees.
- [atand](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/atand.md): The `atand()` function returns the inverse tangent (arctangent) of a specified argument, expressed in degrees.
- [cbrt](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/cbrt.md): The `cbrt()` function calculates and returns the cube root of a given number.
- [ceil](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/ceil.md): The `ceil()` function returns the nearest positive or negative integer value greater than or equal to the provided decimal input number.
- [cos](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/cos.md): The `cos()` function returns the cosine of a specified angle, expressed in radians.
- [cosd](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/cosd.md): The `cosd()` function returns the cosine of a specified angle, expressed in degrees.
- [cosh](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/cosh.md): The `cosh()` function returns the hyperbolic cosine of a specified numeric argument.
- [cot](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/cot.md): The `cot()` function returns the cotangent of a specified angle, expressed in radians.
- [cotd](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/cotd.md): The `cotd()` function returns the cotangent of a specified angle, expressed in degrees.
- [degrees](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/degrees.md): The `degrees()` function converts a value expressed in radians to degrees.
- [exp](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/exp.md): The `exp()` function returns the exponential value of a number specified in the argument.
- [floor](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/floor.md): The `floor()` returns a number rounded down that is less than or equal to the specified argument.
- [gamma](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/gamma.md): The `gamma()` function returns the gamma function of a number, extending the factorial to real numbers.
- [greatest](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/greatest.md): The `greatest` function returns the largest value from a set of values.
- [least](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/least.md): The `least` function returns the smallest value in a list of values.
- [ln](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/ln.md): The `ln()` function returns the natural logarithm of its argument.
- [log](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/log.md): The `log()` function returns the base-10 logarithm or logarithm of the specified base of a given number.
- [log10](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/log10.md): The `log10()` function returns the base-10 logarithm of a given number.
- [pi](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/pi.md): The `pi()` function returns the mathematical constant pi.
- [power](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/power.md): The `power()` function calculates the value of a number raised to the power of another number specified in the arguments.
- [radians](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/radians.md): The `radians()` function converts a value expressed in degrees to radians.
- [random](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/random.md): The `random()` function in Redpanda SQL generates a random number within a defined range.
- [round](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/round.md): The `round()` function rounds numbers using round half to even method (bankers rounding).
- [sign](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/sign.md): The `sign()` function returns a sign of an argument.
- [sin](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/sin.md): `sin()` is a numeric function that returns the trigonometric sine value of a specified angle in radians.
- [sind](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/sind.md): The `sind()` function returns the sine of a specified angle, expressed in degrees.
- [sinh](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/sinh.md): The `sinh()` function returns the hyperbolic sine of a specified numeric argument.
- [sqrt](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/sqrt.md): The `sqrt()` function returns the square root of a given positive number.
- [tan](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/tan.md): The `tan()` function returns the tangent of a specified angle, expressed in radians.
- [tand](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/tand.md): The `tand()` function returns the tangent of a specified angle, expressed in degrees.
- [tanh](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/tanh.md): The `tanh()` function returns the hyperbolic tangent of a specified numeric argument.
- [to_char (number)](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/math-functions/to-char-from-number.md): The TO_CHAR function formats a number into a string using a given format.
- [Other Functions](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions.md): Reference for other Redpanda SQL functions, including `coalesce`, `nullif`, and PostgreSQL system information functions.
- [coalesce](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/coalesce.md): The `coalesce` function returns the first non-NULL argument from a list of arguments.
- [col_description](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/col-description.md): col_description() is a comment information function that retrieves the comment associated with a specified table column.
- [current_database](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/current-database.md): current_database() is a session information function that returns the name of the current database as text.
- [current_schema](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/current-schema.md): current_schema() is a session information function that returns the name of the current schema for the session.
- [gen_random_uuid (uuidv4)](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/gen-random-uuid.md): The gen_random_uuid() and uuidv4() functions return a random version 4 UUID.
- [generate_series](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/generate-series.md): The `generate_series` function generates a set of values from start to stop with an optional step increment.
- [has_database_privilege](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/has-database-privilege.md): The `has_database_privilege()` function checks whether a user has specific privileges on a database.
- [has_schema_privilege](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/has-schema-privilege.md): The has_schema_privilege() function checks whether the current user has specific privileges on a schema.
- [make_date](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/make-date.md): The `make_date()` function creates a date value from year, month, and day fields.
- [make_interval](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/make-interval.md): The `make_interval()` function creates an interval value from years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, and seconds fields.
- [make_time](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/make-time.md): The `make_time()` function creates a time value from hour, minute, and second fields.
- [make_timestamp](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/make-timestamp.md): The `make_timestamp()` function creates a timestamp value from year, month, day, hour, minute, and second fields.
- [make_timestamptz](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/make-timestamptz.md): The `make_timestamptz()` function creates a timestamp with time zone value from year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and optional time zone fields.
- [now](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/now.md): The `now()` function returns the current date and time.
- [nullif](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/nullif.md): The `nullif` function replaces a given value with NULL if it matches a specific criterion.
- [obj_description](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/obj-description.md): The obj_description() function returns the comment associated with a specific database object.
- [pg_backend_pid](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/pg-backend-pid.md): The pg_backend_pid() function returns the process ID (PID) of the server process handling the current session.
- [pg_encoding_to_char](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/pg-encoding-to-char.md): The pg_encoding_to_char() function converts an encoding internal identifier to a human-readable name.
- [pg_get_constraintdef](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/pg-get-constraintdef.md): The pg_get_constraintdef() function retrieves the definition of a specific constraint in a human-readable format.
- [pg_get_expr](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/pg-get-expr.md): The pg_get_expr() function retrieves the internal form of an individual expression, such as the default value for a column.
- [pg_get_indexdef](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/pg-get-indexdef.md): The pg_get_indexdef() function reconstructs the PostgreSQL command used to retrieve the definition of a specified index.
- [pg_get_statisticsobjdef_columns](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/pg-get-statisticsobjdef-columns.md): The pg_get_statisticsobjdef_columns() function retrieves information about the columns associated with an extended statistics object.
- [pg_get_userbyid](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/pg-get-userbyid.md): The pg_get_userbyid() function retrieves the name of a user (role) given its unique identifier (OID).
- [pg_relation_is_publishable](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/pg-relation-is-publishable.md): Use the pg_relation_is_publishable() function to determine whether a specified relation (table) can be published in a publication.
- [pg_size_pretty](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/pg-size-pretty.md): The pg_size_pretty() function converts sizes in bytes into a human-readable format.
- [pg_table_is_visible](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/pg-table-is-visible.md): The pg_table_is_visible() function checks whether a specified table or other database object is visible in the current schema search path.
- [pg_table_size](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/pg-table-size.md): The pg_table_size() function retrieves the size of a specific table, including its associated storage components but excluding indexes.
- [pg_total_relation_size](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/pg-total-relation-size.md): The pg_total_relation_size() function retrieves the size of a table and is useful for monitoring storage requirements.
- [pg_typeof](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/pg-typeof.md): The pg_typeof() function retrieves the data type of any given value.
- [shobj_description](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/shobj-description.md): The shobj_description() function retrieves the comment associated with a shared database object.
- [version](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/other-functions/version.md): The `version()` function returns a text string describing the SQL engine and its version.
- [Overview](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions.md): String functions analyze and manipulate string values.
- [btrim](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/btrim.md): The `btrim()` function removes the longest string of characters matching a set of characters from both ends of a string.
- [concat](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/concat.md): Use the `concat()` function to concatenate one or more input values into a single result.
- [decode](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/decode.md): The `decode()` function decodes text data into binary data using a specified format.
- [encode](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/encode.md): The `encode()` function encodes binary data into a text representation using a specified format.
- [ends_with](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/ends-with.md): The `ends_with()` function determines whether the first argument ends with a specified string in the second argument or not.
- [length](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/length.md): Use the `length()` function to find the length of a string (for example, the number of characters in a given string).
- [lower](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/lower.md): The `lower()` function returns a given string, an expression, or values in a column in all lowercase letters.
- [ltrim](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/ltrim.md): The `ltrim()` function removes the longest string of characters matching a set of characters from the start of a string.
- [octet_length](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/octet-length.md): The `octet_length()` function returns the number of bytes in a binary value.
- [position](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/position.md): The `position` function returns the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a string.
- [Regular Expressions](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/regex.md): Reference for regular expression functions in Redpanda SQL.
- [POSIX Regular Expressions](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/regex/posix-regular-expressions.md): POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) defines a set of standard operating system interfaces based on the UNIX OS.
- [regexp_match](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/regex/regexp-match.md): The `regexp_match()` function matches a POSIX regular expression pattern to a string.
- [regexp_replace](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/regex/regexp-replace.md): The `regexp_replace()` function replaces all occurrences of a regular expression pattern in a string with a specified replacement string.
- [replace](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/replace.md): The `replace()` function looks for and replaces a substring with a new one in a string.
- [rtrim](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/rtrim.md): The `rtrim()` function removes the longest string of characters matching a set of characters from the end of a string.
- [starts_with](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/starts-with.md): The `starts_with()` function determines whether the first argument starts with a specified string in the second argument or not.
- [strpos](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/strpos.md): Use the `strpos()` function to return the position from where the substring (the second argument) is matched with the string (the first argument).
- [substring](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/substring.md): The `substring` function extracts a part of a string. `substr` is an alias.
- [trim](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/trim.md): The `trim()` function removes the longest string of characters matching a set of characters from one or both ends of a string.
- [upper](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/string-functions/upper.md): The `upper()` function returns a given string, an expression, or values in a column in all uppercase letters.
- [Overview](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/timestamp-functions.md): Timestamp functions return a date-time value based on a specified timestamp/interval.
- [current_timestamp](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/timestamp-functions/current-timestamp.md): The `current_timestamp()` returns the current timestamp value representing the date and time the query was executed.
- [date_trunc](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/timestamp-functions/date-trunc.md): The `date_trunc()` function truncates a timestamp, timestamp with time zone or interval value to the specified precision, effectively rounding down the value to the start of the given time unit.
- [extract](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/timestamp-functions/extract.md): The `extract` function retrieves a specified part (field) from a given date/time or interval value.
- [format_timestamp](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/timestamp-functions/format-timestamp.md): The `format_timestamp()` function returns a given timestamp value in a specified format.
- [timestamp_micros](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/timestamp-functions/timestamp-micros.md): The `timestamp_micros()` function converts a given UNIX timestamp value in microseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC into a timestamp.
- [timestamp_millis](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/timestamp-functions/timestamp-millis.md): The `timestamp_millis()` function converts a given UNIX timestamp value in milliseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC into a timestamp.
- [timestamp_seconds](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/timestamp-functions/timestamp-seconds.md): The `timestamp_seconds()` function converts a given UNIX timestamp value in seconds from 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC into a timestamp.
- [timestamp_trunc](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/timestamp-functions/timestamp-trunc.md): The `timestamp_trunc()` function rounds a timestamp to a specific day_time granularity, resulting in a truncated timestamp.
- [to_char](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/timestamp-functions/to-char.md): The `to_char` function formats various data types, including date/time, integer, float point and numeric into a formatted string.
- [to_timestamp](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/timestamp-functions/to-timestamp.md): The `to_timestamp()` function converts a string into a timestamp based on the provided format.
- [unix_micros](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/timestamp-functions/unix-micros.md): The `unix_micros()` function returns a given timestamp into a UNIX timestamp in microseconds, from 1970-01-01 00:00:00-00 (can be negative).
- [unix_millis](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/timestamp-functions/unix-millis.md): The `unix_millis()` function returns a given timestamp to a UNIX timestamp in milliseconds from 1970-01-01 00:00:00-00 (can be negative).
- [unix_seconds](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/timestamp-functions/unix-seconds.md): The `unix_seconds()` function returns a given timestamp to a UNIX timestamp in seconds, from 1970-01-01 00:00:00-00.
- [Overview](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions.md): Window functions is a group of SQL functions, that operate on a partition or "window" of a result set, returning values for every row within that window.
- [avg](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/avg.md): The `avg()` window function calculates the average (arithmetic mean) of a set of numeric values within a window.
- [bool_and](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/bool-and.md): The `bool_and()` window function evaluates whether all values within a specified window of rows are TRUE.
- [bool_or](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/bool-or.md): The `bool_or()` window function evaluates whether at least one value within a specified window of rows is TRUE.
- [count](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/count.md): The `count()` window function retrieves the number of records that meet a specific criteria.
- [cume_dist](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/cume-dist.md): The `cume_dist()` function is a window function used to calculate the cumulative distribution of a value within a set of values.
- [dense_rank](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/dense-rank.md): The `dense_rank()` window function assigns a rank for each value within a specified group, based on the ORDER BY expression in the OVER clause.
- [first_value](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/first-value.md): The `first_value()` is a window function that retrieves the first value in an ordered set of values within a specified partition.
- [lag](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/lag.md): The `lag()` window function returns the values from specific rows based on the offset argument (previous to the current row in the partition).
- [last_value](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/last-value.md): The `last_value()` is a window function that retrieves the last value in an ordered set of values within a specified partition.
- [lead](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/lead.md): The `lead()` window function takes a column and an integer offset as arguments, and returns the value of the cell in the column located at the specified number of rows after the current row.
- [max](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/max.md): The `max()` window function computes the maximum value of an expression across a set of rows defined by a window specification.
- [min](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/min.md): The `min()` window function computes the minimum value of an expression across a set of rows defined by a window specification.
- [nth_value](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/nth-value.md): The `nth_value()` is a window function that accesses the value from the nth row within a specified window frame.
- [ntile](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/ntile.md): The `ntile()` function is a window function used to divide an ordered data set into a specified number of approximately equal groups or buckets.
- [percent_rank](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/percent-rank.md): `percent_rank()` window function determines the relative rank of a value in a group of values, based on the ORDER BY expression in the OVER clause.
- [rank](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/rank.md): The `rank()` window function determines the rank of a value in a group of values, based on the ORDER BY expression in the OVER clause.
- [row_number](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/row-number.md): The `row_number()` window function returns the number of the current row within its partition (counting from 1), based on the ORDER BY expression in the
- [sum](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-functions/window-functions/sum.md): The `sum()` window function returns the sum of the input column or expression values.