# Keywords

> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.redpanda.com/llms.txt). Component-specific: [cloud-data-platform-full.txt](https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform-full.txt)

---
title: Keywords
latest-operator-version: v26.1.4
latest-console-tag: v3.7.3
latest-connect-version: 4.93.0
latest-redpanda-tag: v26.1.9
docname: sql/sql-statements/keywords
page-component-name: cloud-data-platform
page-version: master
page-component-version: master
page-component-title: Cloud
page-relative-src-path: sql/sql-statements/keywords.adoc
page-edit-url: https://github.com/redpanda-data/cloud-docs/edit/main/modules/reference/pages/sql/sql-statements/keywords.adoc
description: In Redpanda SQL, reserved and non-reserved keywords play an important role in SQL syntax and usage.
page-topic-type: reference
page-git-created-date: "2026-05-26"
page-git-modified-date: "2026-05-26"
---

<!-- Source: https://docs.redpanda.com/cloud-data-platform/reference/sql/sql-statements/keywords.md -->

Redpanda SQL has reserved and non-reserved keywords. Reserved keywords cannot be used as identifiers (such as table or column names) unless explicitly quoted. Examples include `SELECT`, `INSERT`, and `UPDATE`.

Non-reserved keywords have special meanings only in specific contexts and can be used as identifiers in others. For example, `DB` is non-reserved, so you can use it as a database name.

The following table lists all available keywords:

| Keyword | Reserved | Non-reserved | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ABSOLUTE |  | ✓ |  |
| ACTION |  | ✓ |  |
| ADD |  | ✓ |  |
| AFTER |  | ✓ |  |
| AGGREGATE |  | ✓ |  |
| ALL | ✓ |  |  |
| ALLOCATE | ✓ |  |  |
| ALTER |  | ✓ |  |
| ANALYSE | ✓ |  |  |
| ANALYZE | ✓ |  |  |
| AND | ✓ |  |  |
| ANY | ✓ |  |  |
| ANY_VALUE |  | ✓ |  |
| ARE | ✓ |  |  |
| ARRAY | ✓ |  | Requires AS |
| ARRAY_MAX_CARDINALITY |  | ✓ |  |
| AS | ✓ |  | Requires AS |
| ASC | ✓ |  |  |
| ASENSITIVE |  | ✓ |  |
| ASSERTION |  | ✓ |  |
| ASSIGNMENT |  | ✓ |  |
| ASYMMETRIC | ✓ |  |  |
| AT |  | ✓ |  |
| ATOMIC |  | ✓ |  |
| AUTHORIZATION | ✓ |  | Can be function or type |
| AVG |  | ✓ |  |
| BEFORE |  | ✓ |  |
| BEGIN |  | ✓ |  |
| BEGIN_FRAME |  | ✓ |  |
| BEGIN_PARTITION |  | ✓ |  |
| BETWEEN |  | ✓ | Cannot be function or type |
| BIGINT |  | ✓ | Cannot be function or type |
| BIT |  | ✓ | Cannot be function or type |
| BIT_LENGTH | ✓ |  |  |
| BLOB |  | ✓ |  |
| BOOL |  | ✓ |  |
| BOOLEAN |  | ✓ | Cannot be function or type |
| BOTH | ✓ |  |  |
| BY |  | ✓ |  |
| CACHE |  | ✓ |  |
| CALL | ✓ |  |  |
| CALLED | ✓ |  |  |
| CARDINALITY |  | ✓ |  |
| CASCADE | ✓ |  |  |
| CASCADED | ✓ |  |  |
| CASE | ✓ |  |  |
| CAST | ✓ |  |  |
| CATALOG |  | ✓ |  |
| CEILING |  | ✓ |  |
| CHAR |  | ✓ |  |
| CHAR_LENGTH |  | ✓ |  |
| CHARACTER |  | ✓ |  |
| CHARACTER_LENGTH |  | ✓ |  |
| CHECK | ✓ |  |  |
| CLASSIFIER |  | ✓ |  |
| CLOB |  | ✓ |  |
| CLOSE | ✓ |  |  |
| COALESCE | ✓ |  |  |
| COLLATE | ✓ |  |  |
| COLLATION | ✓ |  |  |
| COLLECT |  | ✓ |  |
| COLUMN | ✓ |  |  |
| COLUMNS |  | ✓ |  |
| COMMIT | ✓ |  |  |
| CONDITION | ✓ |  |  |
| CONNECT | ✓ |  |  |
| CONNECTION | ✓ |  |  |
| CONSTRAINT | ✓ |  |  |
| CONSTRAINTS |  | ✓ |  |
| CONTAINS |  | ✓ |  |
| CONTINUE | ✓ |  |  |
| CONTROL |  | ✓ |  |
| CONVERT |  | ✓ |  |
| COPY |  | ✓ |  |
| CORR |  | ✓ |  |
| CORRESPONDING | ✓ |  |  |
| COVAR_POP |  | ✓ |  |
| COVAR_SAMP |  | ✓ |  |
| CREATE | ✓ |  |  |
| CROSS | ✓ |  |  |
| CUBE | ✓ |  |  |
| CUME_DIST |  | ✓ |  |
| CURRENT | ✓ |  |  |
| CURRENT_USER | ✓ |  |  |
| CURRENT_ROLE | ✓ |  |  |
| CURSOR | ✓ |  |  |
| CYCLE | ✓ |  |  |
| DATABASE |  | ✓ |  |
| DATABASES |  | ✓ |  |
| DATALINK |  | ✓ |  |
| DATE |  | ✓ |  |
| DATETIME |  | ✓ |  |
| DAY |  | ✓ |  |
| DEALLOCATE | ✓ |  |  |
| DEC |  | ✓ |  |
| DECFLOAT |  | ✓ |  |
| DECIMAL |  | ✓ |  |
| DECLARE | ✓ |  |  |
| DEFAULT | ✓ |  |  |
| DEFERRABLE | ✓ |  |  |
| DEFERRED | ✓ |  |  |
| DEFINE |  | ✓ |  |
| DELETE | ✓ |  |  |
| DELTA |  | ✓ |  |
| DENSE_RANK |  | ✓ |  |
| DEREF |  | ✓ |  |
| DESC | ✓ |  |  |
| DESCRIBE | ✓ |  |  |
| DESCRIPTOR | ✓ |  |  |
| DETERMINISTIC | ✓ |  |  |
| DIAGNOSTICS | ✓ |  |  |
| DIRECT |  | ✓ |  |
| DISCONNECT | ✓ |  |  |
| DISTINCT | ✓ |  |  |
| DLNEWCOPY |  | ✓ |  |
| DLPREVIOUSCOPY |  | ✓ |  |
| DLURLCOMPLETE |  | ✓ |  |
| DLURLCOMPLETEONLY |  | ✓ |  |
| DLURLCOMPLETEWRITE |  | ✓ |  |
| DLURLPATH |  | ✓ |  |
| DLURLPATHONLY |  | ✓ |  |
| DLURLPATHWRITE |  | ✓ |  |
| DLURLSCHEME |  | ✓ |  |
| DLURLSERVER |  | ✓ |  |
| DLVALUE |  | ✓ |  |
| DO | ✓ |  |  |
| DOMAIN |  | ✓ |  |
| DOUBLE |  | ✓ |  |
| DROP | ✓ |  |  |
| DYNAMIC |  | ✓ |  |
| EACH | ✓ |  |  |
| ELEMENT |  | ✓ |  |
| ELSE | ✓ |  |  |
| EMPTY |  | ✓ |  |
| END | ✓ |  |  |
| END_FRAME |  | ✓ |  |
| END_PARTITION |  | ✓ |  |
| EQUALS |  | ✓ |  |
| ESCAPE | ✓ |  |  |
| EVERY | ✓ |  |  |
| EXCEPT | ✓ |  |  |
| EXCEPTION | ✓ |  |  |
| EXEC | ✓ |  |  |
| EXECUTE | ✓ |  |  |
| EXISTS | ✓ |  |  |
| EXP |  | ✓ |  |
| EXPLAIN | ✓ |  |  |
| EXTERNAL | ✓ |  |  |
| EXTRACT | ✓ |  |  |
| FALSE | ✓ |  |  |
| FETCH | ✓ |  |  |
| FILE |  | ✓ |  |
| FILTER | ✓ |  |  |
| FIRST | ✓ |  |  |
| FIRST_VALUE |  | ✓ |  |
| FLOAT |  | ✓ |  |
| FLOOR |  | ✓ |  |
| FOR | ✓ |  |  |
| FOREIGN | ✓ |  |  |
| FORMAT |  | ✓ |  |
| FOUND |  | ✓ |  |
| FRAME_ROW |  | ✓ |  |
| FREE |  | ✓ |  |
| FROM | ✓ |  |  |
| FULL | ✓ |  |  |
| FUNCTION | ✓ |  |  |
| FUSION |  | ✓ |  |
| GET |  | ✓ |  |
| GLOBAL | ✓ |  |  |
| GO |  | ✓ |  |
| GOTO |  | ✓ |  |
| GRANT | ✓ |  |  |
| GROUP | ✓ |  |  |
| GROUPING | ✓ |  |  |
| GROUPS |  | ✓ |  |
| HASH |  | ✓ |  |
| HAVING | ✓ |  |  |
| HINT |  | ✓ |  |
| HOLD |  | ✓ |  |
| HOUR |  | ✓ |  |
| IDENTITY | ✓ |  |  |
| IF | ✓ |  |  |
| ILIKE |  | ✓ |  |
| IMMEDIATE | ✓ |  |  |
| IMPORT |  | ✓ |  |
| IN | ✓ |  |  |
| INDEX | ✓ |  |  |
| INDICATOR | ✓ |  |  |
| INITIAL | ✓ |  |  |
| INITIALLY | ✓ |  |  |
| INNER | ✓ |  |  |
| INOUT | ✓ |  |  |
| INPUT | ✓ |  |  |
| INSENSITIVE | ✓ |  |  |
| INSERT | ✓ |  |  |
| INT |  | ✓ |  |
| INTEGER |  | ✓ |  |
| INTERSECT | ✓ |  |  |
| INTERSECTION |  | ✓ |  |
| INTERVAL | ✓ |  |  |
| INTO | ✓ |  |  |
| IS | ✓ |  |  |
| ISNULL |  | ✓ |  |
| ISOLATION | ✓ |  |  |
| JOIN | ✓ |  |  |
| JSON |  | ✓ |  |
| JSON_ARRAY |  | ✓ |  |
| JSON_ARRAYAGG |  | ✓ |  |
| JSON_EXISTS |  | ✓ |  |
| JSON_OBJECT |  | ✓ |  |
| JSON_OBJECTAGG |  | ✓ |  |
| JSON_QUERY |  | ✓ |  |
| JSON_TABLE |  | ✓ |  |
| JSON_TABLE_PRIMITIVE |  | ✓ |  |
| JSON_VALUE |  | ✓ |  |
| JSONB |  | ✓ |  |
| KEY |  | ✓ |  |
| LAG |  | ✓ |  |
| LANGUAGE | ✓ |  |  |
| LARGE |  | ✓ |  |
| LAST | ✓ |  |  |
| LAST_VALUE |  | ✓ |  |
| LATERAL | ✓ |  |  |
| LEAD |  | ✓ |  |
| LEADING | ✓ |  |  |
| LEFT | ✓ |  |  |
| LEVEL |  | ✓ |  |
| LIKE | ✓ |  |  |
| LIKE_REGEX |  | ✓ |  |
| LIMIT | ✓ |  |  |
| LISTAGG |  | ✓ |  |
| LN |  | ✓ |  |
| LOAD |  | ✓ |  |
| LOCAL | ✓ |  |  |
| LOCALTIME | ✓ |  |  |
| LOCALTIMESTAMP | ✓ |  |  |
| LONG |  | ✓ |  |
| MEASURES |  | ✓ |  |
| MEMBER |  | ✓ |  |
| MERGE | ✓ |  |  |
| METHOD |  | ✓ |  |
| MINUS | ✓ |  |  |
| MINUTE |  | ✓ |  |
| MODIFIES | ✓ |  |  |
| MODULE |  | ✓ |  |
| MONTH |  | ✓ |  |
| MULTISET |  | ✓ |  |
| NAMES |  | ✓ |  |
| NATIONAL |  | ✓ |  |
| NATURAL | ✓ |  |  |
| NCHAR |  | ✓ |  |
| NCLOB |  | ✓ |  |
| NEW | ✓ |  |  |
| NEXT |  | ✓ |  |
| NO | ✓ |  |  |
| NONE |  | ✓ |  |
| NOT | ✓ |  |  |
| NTILE |  | ✓ |  |
| NULL | ✓ |  |  |
| NULLIF | ✓ |  |  |
| NULLS | ✓ |  |  |
| NVARCHAR |  | ✓ |  |
| OCCURRENCES_REGEX |  | ✓ |  |
| OCTET_LENGTH |  | ✓ |  |
| OF | ✓ |  |  |
| OFF |  | ✓ |  |
| OFFSET | ✓ |  |  |
| OLD | ✓ |  |  |
| OMIT |  | ✓ |  |
| ON | ✓ |  |  |
| ONE |  | ✓ |  |
| ONLY | ✓ |  |  |
| OPEN | ✓ |  |  |
| OPTION | ✓ |  |  |
| OR | ✓ |  |  |
| ORDER | ✓ |  |  |
| OUT | ✓ |  |  |
| OUTER | ✓ |  |  |
| OUTPUT | ✓ |  |  |
| OVER | ✓ |  |  |
| OVERLAPS | ✓ |  |  |
| OVERLAY |  | ✓ |  |
| PAD |  | ✓ |  |
| PARAMETER | ✓ |  |  |
| PARAMETERS |  | ✓ |  |
| PARTIAL | ✓ |  |  |
| PARTITION | ✓ |  |  |
| PATTERN |  | ✓ |  |
| PER |  | ✓ |  |
| PERCENT |  | ✓ |  |
| PERCENT_RANK |  | ✓ |  |
| PERCENTILE_CONT |  | ✓ |  |
| PERCENTILE_DISC |  | ✓ |  |
| PERIOD | ✓ |  |  |
| PERMUTE |  | ✓ |  |
| PLACING |  | ✓ |  |
| PLAN |  | ✓ |  |
| PORTION |  | ✓ |  |
| PRECEDES |  | ✓ |  |
| PRECISION | ✓ |  |  |
| PREPARE | ✓ |  |  |
| PRESERVE | ✓ |  |  |
| PRIMARY | ✓ |  |  |
| PRIOR | ✓ |  |  |
| PRIVILEGES |  | ✓ |  |
| PROCEDURE | ✓ |  |  |
| PTF |  | ✓ |  |
| PUBLIC | ✓ |  |  |
| RANGE | ✓ |  |  |
| READ | ✓ |  |  |
| READS | ✓ |  |  |
| REAL |  | ✓ |  |
| RECURSIVE | ✓ |  |  |
| REF | ✓ |  |  |
| REFERENCES | ✓ |  |  |
| REFERENCING | ✓ |  |  |
| REGR_AVGX |  | ✓ |  |
| REGR_AVGY |  | ✓ |  |
| REGR_COUNT |  | ✓ |  |
| REGR_INTERCEPT |  | ✓ |  |
| REGR_R2 |  | ✓ |  |
| REGR_SLOPE |  | ✓ |  |
| REGR_SXX |  | ✓ |  |
| REGR_SXY |  | ✓ |  |
| REGR_SYY |  | ✓ |  |
| RELATIVE |  | ✓ |  |
| RELEASE | ✓ |  |  |
| RENAME | ✓ |  |  |
| RESTRICT | ✓ |  |  |
| RESULT | ✓ |  |  |
| RETURN | ✓ |  |  |
| RETURNS | ✓ |  |  |
| REVOKE | ✓ |  |  |
| RIGHT | ✓ |  |  |
| ROLLBACK | ✓ |  |  |
| ROLLUP | ✓ |  |  |
| ROW | ✓ |  |  |
| ROW_NUMBER |  | ✓ |  |
| ROWS | ✓ |  |  |
| RUNNING |  | ✓ |  |
| SAVEPOINT | ✓ |  |  |
| SCHEMA | ✓ |  |  |
| SCHEMAS |  | ✓ |  |
| SCOPE | ✓ |  |  |
| SCROLL | ✓ |  |  |
| SEARCH |  | ✓ |  |
| SECOND |  | ✓ |  |
| SECTION |  | ✓ |  |
| SEEK |  | ✓ |  |
| SELECT | ✓ |  |  |
| SENSITIVE | ✓ |  |  |
| SESSION | ✓ |  |  |
| SESSION_USER | ✓ |  |  |
| SET | ✓ |  |  |
| SHOW |  | ✓ |  |
| SIMILAR |  | ✓ |  |
| SIZE |  | ✓ |  |
| SKIP |  | ✓ |  |
| SMALLINT |  | ✓ |  |
| SOME | ✓ |  |  |
| SORTED |  | ✓ |  |
| SPACE |  | ✓ |  |
| SPATIAL |  | ✓ |  |
| SPECIFIC | ✓ |  |  |
| SPECIFICTYPE |  | ✓ |  |
| SQL | ✓ |  |  |
| SQLCODE |  | ✓ |  |
| SQLERROR |  | ✓ |  |
| SQLEXCEPTION |  | ✓ |  |
| SQLSTATE |  | ✓ |  |
| SQLWARNING |  | ✓ |  |
| START | ✓ |  |  |
| STATIC | ✓ |  |  |
| STDDEV_POP |  | ✓ |  |
| STDDEV_SAMP |  | ✓ |  |
| STRING |  | ✓ |  |
| SUBMULTISET |  | ✓ |  |
| SUBSET |  | ✓ |  |
| SUCCEEDS |  | ✓ |  |
| SYMMETRIC | ✓ |  |  |
| SYSTEM | ✓ |  |  |
| SYSTEM_TIME |  | ✓ |  |
| SYSTEM_USER | ✓ |  |  |
| TABLE | ✓ |  |  |
| TABLES |  | ✓ |  |
| TABLESAMPLE | ✓ |  |  |
| TEMPORARY | ✓ |  |  |
| TEXT |  | ✓ |  |
| THEN | ✓ |  |  |
| TIME |  | ✓ |  |
| TIMESTAMP |  | ✓ |  |
| TIMESTAMP_TRUNC |  | ✓ |  |
| TO | ✓ |  |  |
| TOP |  | ✓ |  |
| TRAILING | ✓ |  |  |
| TRANSACTION | ✓ |  |  |
| TRANSLATE | ✓ |  |  |
| TRANSLATE_REGEX |  | ✓ |  |
| TRANSLATION |  | ✓ |  |
| TREAT | ✓ |  |  |
| TRIGGER | ✓ |  |  |
| TRUE | ✓ |  |  |
| TRUNCATE | ✓ |  |  |
| UESCAPE | ✓ |  |  |
| UNION | ✓ |  |  |
| UNIQUE | ✓ |  |  |
| UNKNOWN | ✓ |  |  |
| UNLOAD |  | ✓ |  |
| UNMATCHED |  | ✓ |  |
| UNNEST |  | ✓ |  |
| UPDATE | ✓ |  |  |
| UPPER |  | ✓ |  |
| USAGE | ✓ |  |  |
| USER |  | ✓ |  |
| USING | ✓ |  |  |
| VALUES | ✓ |  |  |
| VAR_POP |  | ✓ |  |
| VAR_SAMP |  | ✓ |  |
| VARBINARY |  | ✓ |  |
| VARCHAR |  | ✓ |  |
| VARIADIC | ✓ |  |  |
| VARYING | ✓ |  |  |
| VERSIONING |  | ✓ |  |
| VIEW | ✓ |  |  |
| VIRTUAL |  | ✓ |  |
| WHEN | ✓ |  |  |
| WHENEVER | ✓ |  |  |
| WHERE | ✓ |  |  |
| WIDTH_BUCKET |  | ✓ |  |
| WINDOW | ✓ |  |  |
| WITH | ✓ |  |  |
| WITHIN | ✓ |  |  |
| WITHOUT | ✓ |  |  |
| WORK | ✓ |  |  |
| WRITE |  | ✓ |  |
| XML |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLAGG |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLATTRIBUTES |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLBINARY |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLCAST |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLCOMMENT |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLCONCAT |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLDOCUMENT |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLELEMENT |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLEXISTS |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLFOREST |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLITERATE |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLNAMESPACES |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLPARSE |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLPI |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLQUERY |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLSERIALIZE |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLTABLE |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLTEXT |  | ✓ |  |
| XMLVALIDATE |  | ✓ |  |
| YEAR |  | ✓ |  |
| ZONE |  | ✓ |  |